Practica de biologia : Activitat enzimàtica de la  catalasa en diferents teixits animal i vegetals.

Material:

-       -Diferents teixits animals

-       -Patata pastanaga i tomàquet

-       -Cinc tubs d’assaig

-       -Termòmetre

-       -Bisturí

-       -Tisores

-       -Aigua oxigenada (2ml per tub)

-       -Aigua destil·lada (5ml per tub)

-       -Pipeta

Protocol:

Tallem dos trossos de patata, pastanaga  i tomàquet amb la mateixa mida i pes

També tallem un tros de fetge i cor de la mateixa mida i pes

Ho posem en 5 tubs

-      - 1er patata + 5ml d’aigua destil·lada

-       -2n tomàquet + 5ml d’aigua destil·lada

-       -3r pastanaga + 5ml d’aigua destil·lada

-       -4r fetge+5ml d’aigua destil·lada

-       -5è cor+5ml d’aigua destil·lada

Afegirem aigua oxigenada i marquem l’alçada de les bombolles

Preguntes

Variable dependent i independent ? La variable dependent es la que nosaltres modifiquem es a dir  la concentració de cada substancia i el que afegim la independent es l’alçada de les bombolles

Problema a investigar? La activitat de la catalasa en els diferents teixits animals i vegetals

Explica els resultats: La activitat de la catalasa era mes gran en el tros de fetge perquè es on es duen a terme mes reaccions enzimàtiques   el cor també han reaccionat pero no amb tanta intensitat com el fetge ja que la seva activitat no estan elevada. En els teixits vegetals l’aigua oxigenada no reaccionat tant com en els vegetals ja que la seva activitat es molt menor.

Teixit	Alçada bombolles (mm)
Patata	65 (mm)
Tomàquet	62 (mm)
pastanaga	63 (mm)
Fetge	90 (mm)
cor	75 (mm)

Experiment 2 : Com afectarà diferents factors a l’activitat enzimàtica

- 1r tub tros de teixit animal a temperatura ambient

- 2n tub de teixit animal amb 10ml d’HCL al 10%

- 3r tub tros de teixit animal congelat

- 4t tub tros de teixit animal bullit

- 5è tub tros de teixit animal submergit en una dissolució saturada de NaCl

Afegirem 2ml de aigua oxigenada i notarem l’alçada de les bombolles

Tub	Alçada de les bombolles (mm)
1	65 mm
2	45 mm
3	60 mm
4	47 mm
5	46 mm

Preguntes:

Variable dependent i independent ?

-Dependent :es la que estem investigant per tan es l’alçada de les bombolles

-Independent: Es el tractament que em fet en cada tub

Problema que es vol investigar ? Com actua la activitat de la catalasa en diferents factors

Explicació dels resultats :

En el tub que em bullit i el que em afegit HCl no han reaccionat per que s’han desnaturalitzat es adir els factors que mes afecten a la activitat de la catalasa son el Ph i la temperatura , el tub amb una concentració saturada de NaCl i el que estava congelat han presentat una activitat mes alta que els altres dos , en canvi el tub que no hem manipulat a reaccionat mes i es el que ens a servit per compara.

Quina es la funció de la catalasa en els teixits animals o vegetals? On es troba aquet enzim? La seva funció es descompassar l’aigua oxigenada en hidrogen i oxigen. Es troba en els peroxisomes.

Perquè quant ens fem una ferida ens posem aigua oxigenada? Per eliminar els bacteris anaeròbics ja que no poden sobreviure si tenen oxigen

L:21 The Chloroplast and the photosynthesis

 L: 21 The Chloroplast and the photosynthesis


Introduction:

This practice will observe photosynthesis of Elodea
Materials:
Algae (Elodea)
Beaker
Test Tube
Funnel
Sodium bicarbonate solution 10% (not essential) .We have not used in practice
Light source
Metric ruler

Objectives:

1-Realate the light intensity with the photosynthesis process
2- Measure the rate of photosynthesis
3- Identify the product of the process and the variables that can affect it

Procedure:

 During photosynthesis ,plants and algae produce oxygen.The research aspect of this science it to assess how light intensitiy affects the rate at which photosynthesis occurs and the rate of oxygen production

1- Take a big beaker
2-Puts the algae inside of a glass and then fill it in the beaker of water, he added test tube with water to the point of creating a vacuum container.
3- Place your preparation close to a light distance 25 cm
4- Measure the temperature
5- Leave this preparation 1 hour and a half .After this time measure the difference of gas accumulation on the top of the test tube

Questions:

 1- Identify the dependent and independent variable of this experiment
Variable is the oxygen evolution which has hi
2- Using the data from your resuls (and the group) prepare a graph and describe what happened to the amount of gas in the test tube
3- How much gas was produced in the test tube 1 hour? And and a half?
- 0,5 cm 
 4- White the photosynthesis equation .Explain each part of the equation .Which substances are produced by photosynthesis? Which gas is produced that we need in order to live?



Investigation questions:

Which is the origin of the oxygen that we breathe?

Where are the lungs of our planet?

It is the phytoplankton in the oceans. Thus these autotrophic microorganisms produce about 95% of the oxygen that is released into the atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis appeared evolutionarily with cyanobacteria, also ancestors of plastids of eukaryotic algae. For nearly 2,000 million years, to the development of land plants, photosynthesis was practically restricted to the seas. The process is based on bladed Fotosintesi carbon dioxide with water to form sugar, the result is an excess of oxygen released.

L:19 Observation of starch granules, micro-organism

L:19

Optical microscope (16x10 )cell of carrot 

Optical microscope (16x10) see the potato starch granules stained with IODA

Optical microscopewith oil imersio of  (100x10) see the potato starch granules stained with IODA

Opticaal microscopewith 16x10 cell of carrarot cromoplast

https://youtu.be/CMIXjBLSTFw          

video the organism cells

L:17 Gram staining

L:16

 Introduction:

 In this great experiment we yogurt bacteria stained with dyes to diferend observarlos microscope after.

Objectives:

1- Differentiate yogurt bacterias.
2- Relate the staining procedure with the structure of the cells.

Materials:

- 1 Slide
- 1 Cover slip
- Tongs
- Needle
- Gram stain: Crystal violet,iodine and safranin.
- Decolorize reagents: ethanol 96%
- Microscope
- Yogur

Procedure:

Prokariotic cell observations: Gram Staining

1- Prepare a heat-fixed sample of the bacteria to be stained
2- Cover thesmear with crystal violet for an exposure of 1 min
3- Rinse with distilled water
4- Apply Iodine solution for 1 min.
5- Rinse the sample with distilled water.
6- Decolorize using ethanol.Drop by drop until the purple stop flowing.Wash immediately with distilled water.
7- Cover the sample with the safranin stain for an exposure time of 45seconds.
8- Rinse the sample with distilled water.
9- Gently dry the slide with paper(only the under pard of the slide )



Questions:

Gram Stain:

1.Complete the table thay you have below:

	GRAM+	GRAM-
Crystal violet: Color?	VIOLET	VIOLET
Iodine	Color changes	Color changes
Ethanol Decolorize?	No Dye	Colorfast
Safranin Color?	No Dye	Dyed Pink

Photo the yoghurt bacteria

Microscope optical

http://microbiologiabactesp3.blogspot.com.es/2009_08_01_archive.html

L:16 Epidermis Cells

L:16

Introduccion:

-In this experiment we observed the microscope the epidermis of a plant which was a joint seen the wall and cellular nuclei.

Materials:

- 1 Slide
- 1 Cover Slip
- Distilled water
- Scissors
- Needle
- Join

Procedure:

Plant cells observation

1- Cut the stalk of the leek.
2- In the place of the cut,pullout the trasparent part of the epidermis
3- Using the brush, place the peel onto the slide containg a drop of tap water
4- Take a cover slip and place it gently on the peel with the aid of a needle
5- View it in the microscope.
6- Describe the change in the shape of the cells.
7- Draw a diagram with the parts of a stome: cells,guards,epidermis cells.

Salt Treatement

1- Prepare a 10% of salt solution
2- Put the salt with a dropper on the left pard of the slide .Touch the cover slip.
3- Place a piece of cellulose paper in the opposite part of the cover slip, and let the dissolution to go through your sample.


Resuls and microscope observation.






100x augments
Photo epidermis cells join



Questions 

1- What is the major function of a cell membrane?   Balance of the internal environment of the external environment.

2-What is the major fuction of the cell wall? Performance featuring the contents of the cell and give rigidity, intervenes in all relations with the cell environment.

3-How does salt affect the cells shape?And the stome? Distend plant cell, putting large enough to balance the difference in osmotic pressures that occur solution external and internal pressure. The function of stomata have obrirce and tancarse as the plant that has this great remedy in case closed and tried to regulate the salt environment.

L:15 Animals Cells VS Plants Cells

L:15

OBJECTIVE:

1- Identify the major components of cell
2- Differentiate between animals and plant cells
3- Measure dimensions of the entire cell and the nucleus.

MATERIALS:

Toothpick
2 slides
2covers slips
Watch Glasses
Forceps
Needle
Destiled Water
Dropper

Methylene blue
Iodone
Onion
Gycerine

Photo my cell:




Photo the optical microscopy 600X augmentation


Photo cells onion: 






Photo the optical microscopy 600X augmentation

P: 12 DNA Extraction


Introduction:

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is a nucleic asid that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses.
Nucleic acids compose the nucleo base( G,T,C,A ) complements G-C  A-T unid base nitrogenous
Within cells, DNA is organizet into structures called chomosomes.

Objectives:

1 Study DNA structure.
2 Understand the prosses of estracting DNA from a tissue.

Materials:

1L Erlenmeyer flask
100ml beaker
100ml graduated cylinder
Small funnel
Glass stirring rod
10ml Pipet
Knife
Safet goggles
Cheesecloh
Kiwi
Pineapple juice 1ml-5ml
Distiller water
90% Ethanol ice-cold
7ml DNA buffer
15gml dish soap
15NaCL
900ml tap water

Procedure:

1. Peel the kiwi and chop it to small piece
2.Add 8ml of buffer to the beaker
3.Mash the kiwi puree carefully for 1 minute without creating many bubbles
4. Filter the mixture
5.Add beaker contain carefull on top of the cheesecloth to fill the graduated cylinder.The juice will drain through the cheesecloth but the chucks of kiwi will not pass through into the graduated cylinder.
6. Add the pineapple juice to the green juice .This step will help us to obtain a pures solution DNA. Pineapple juice contains an enzyme thet breaks down proteins.
7. Tild the graduated cylinder and pour in an equal amount of ethanol with an automatic pipet.Put the ethanol through the graduated cylinder very carefully.You will need about equal volumes of DNA solution to ethanol
8.Place the graduated cylinted so that is eye level .Using the stirring road,collect DNA at the boundary of ethanol and Kiwi juice.Do not stir the Kiwi juice: only stir in the above ethanol layer
9.The DNA precipitatee looks like long,white and thin fibers.
10.Gently remove the stirring rod and examine what the DNA look like.



Questions:

1 What did the DNA look like?
1 White filaments that were precipitated in the ethanol.
2 Whty do you mash the kiwi ? Where DNA is located inside the cell?
2- To break the cells and remove the DNA that is  found in the nucleus of the cell
3 Explain what is the fuction of every compound of the buffer"soap and salt"
3- Salt is hypertonic medium that produces the break of the cell's membrane.
 Add soap extrain the proteins
4 DNA is soluble in water , but not in ethanol.What does this fact have to do with our method of extraction?
 4- When DNA comes into contact with ethanol it precipitates out of solution so you can see it forming in the clear layer above the kiwi solution. That is what I saw in the experiment

Cytochome-C Comparison Lab

Cytochome-C Comparison Lab 



PURPOSE: To compare the relatedness between organisms by examining the amino acid sequence in the protein, Cytochrome C.

Cytochome-C
Small protein from eucariotic cell,
Associated will in member of the mitocondray,
 Is molecules oxidizable ,
 Hemoproteinthe
Funcion part of electon transporchain produce energi (ATP)

This test will see the difference in cytochrome-C have the following animals

Horse -Donki- - MAMMALS
Chiken-Penguin- BIRDS
Snake-REPTILE
Silkworm moth-INSECT
Yeast-FUNGI
Wheat-PLANTS

METHOD 

Compare the amino acid sequence of Cytochrome-C in various organisms.
. Count and record the total number of differences.
Share your data with the rest of the class and complete
Make a branching tree, or cladogram with results


TABLE

Differences between amino acid sequences in Cytochrome C protein for nine species.

	Horse	Donkey	Whale	Chiken	Penguin	Snake	Moth	Yeast	Wheat
Horse	0
Donkey	0	0
Whale	5	4	0
Chiken	11	10	9	0
Penguin	13	12	10	3	0
Snake	21	29	18	18	19	0
Moth	24	23	22	23	23	26	0
Yeast	40	39	39	40	39	40	46	0
Wheat	38	37	36	39	39	37	40	43	0

Cladogram

Image the blog ines: llimona http://ilsciencelab.blogspot.com.

QUESTIONS

1-) How many Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences are there between chickens and turkeys? 0
2-)Make a branching tree, or cladogram for chickens, penguins, and turkeys.

3-) Predict the number of Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences you would expect to see between
a). horse and zebra? 1-2 aprox
b). donkey and zebra?1-2 aprox



4-) What other information did you use to make this prediction?

	Horse	Penguin	Snake	Tuna	Moth	Yeast	Wheat
Tomato hornworm moth	26	18	24	28	5	42	38

5-) List three other things used to determine how organisms are related to each other? If they can reproduce and the offspring is fertile compering organs proce anatomic

6-) Explain why more closely related organisms have more similar Cytochrome C ? Are evolutionarily and not as separate DNA canviado not therefore less time with less canvios occur in the evolution of the species

7-) Other data, including other genes, suggests that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants.What are some reasons that the Cytochrome C data suggests that fungi, plants, and animals are equally distantly related? Based on a number of mutations as over forty are no longer compatiobles among them, have undergone many mutations